History of Bolsheviks in Russia Essay

The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The Bolsheviks were the majority faction in a crucial vote, hence their name. They ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which would later in 1922 become the chief constituent of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks, founded by Vladimir IllyichLenin, were by 1905 a mass organization consisting primarily of workers under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary working class of Russia. Their beliefs and practices were often referred to as Bolshevism. Bolshevik revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky commonly used the terms â€Å"Bolshevism† and â€Å"Bolshevist† after his exile from the Soviet Union to differentiate between what he saw as true Leninism and the regime within the state and the party which arose under Josef Stalin but as we will get to know there are similar traits to the Bolsheviks regime and that of Stalins. The Bolsheviks were journalists long before they were state leaders, and they never forgot the impact of a well-aimed message and the role of media. Newspapers were the life-line of the underground party. Formative ideological and political debates were conducted in them; reporters and deliverers evolved into party cadres; and readers became rank-and-file supporters. At times, newspapers smuggled from abroad kept the Party alive; and Lenin’s editorials often forestalled factional division. Revolutionary struggle taught Bolsheviks the value of mass media, and confirmed their belief that culture is inherently partisan. In times of political turmoil, they exploited it skillfully. Illegal front-line newspapers helped turn soldiers against the Great War; effective propaganda helped win the Civil War. Yet the revolutionaries knew that the same weapons could be used against them. When they took power, they protected themselves by denying the opposition access to public opinion; printing presses, theaters, movie houses were all eventually confiscated and placed under state monopoly. The Bolsheviks considered these measures necessary and just to maintain power and control as the ruling and dominant political party. Soviet authorities were never ashamed of their monopoly on different aspects of culture. Culture was a weapon of class struggle as identified by similar events in the Chinese Revolution as the media and its variety of channels would amplify the rate and effieciancy of propaganda. Allowing the enemy access to mass media would have seemed criminally stupid. To debate the ethics of censorship was a waste of time; the Bolsheviks’ concern was how to mold popular values, how to reach the masses, reflect the wishes of the state and censure alien ideals. This essay will look at the reason why the Bolsheviks were convinced that a stringent control over the media through a monopolistic system was necessary for holding unto political power but would eventually lead to press freedom for the masses due to a systematic process of internally socializing the Soviet Union with a strong appeal to the working class which would help solidify the Bolsheviks political power in the long term. With a strong thought that they overly represented the working class, the control over the media represented one of the strongest tools to control and effectively influence the social working class in the Soviet Union. 1 Bolsheviks and the Media The early twentieth-century media suited Bolshevik purposes. Under Bolshevik sponsorship, they spoke with one powerful voice, unweakened by dissent or excessive subtlety, unencumbered by complexity. Red propaganda depicted a world of stark contrasts: Bolsheviks were valorous and self-sacrificing; the Whites were cruel and debauched. It was no time for half-tones or self-conscious irony. Bolshevik propaganda might seem heavy-handed, yet judging by its success, much of the public did not resent the overbearing tone. Opponents on both the left and right were no match for the Bolshevik blitz, and some, like the Whites, were particularly ineffective in shaping public opinion. Discussions of Soviet mass culture have usually dwelt on its administration and rhetoric more than content and reception. This is unfortunate, because mass culture was a rare example of equilateral negotiation in Soviet society. The culture gap could not be forced as it stood as an obstacle to the unity of the nation behind one unilateral political party. The economy could be socialized; industry could be whipped into higher production; and citizens could be made, at tremendous cost, to behave as they should. But socialist society demanded not that people just say the necessary things, but also think them in private. Socialism had to be internalized. Many Bolsheviks saw the mass media as the path from ideology to internal thought. It converted abstract phrases into concrete images. Propaganda demanded the cooperation of three groups: the Party and state, which provided the content; the skills of writers and artists, who made ideas into image; and the audience, which received and digested the images. Leaders, artists, and citizens all acknowledged the wishes of the other. The audience craved interesting material; the state needed its values represented by symbols; artists desired an arena for their creative energies (and a respectable living). One side-the audience-stayed mute about its thoughts, yet even at the height of tyranny, no mass audience could be forced to watch a movie or read a book. After claiming to represent the working class and finally taken power in Russia, the Bolsheviks saw themselves as the rightful representation of the working class. Though the Bolsheviks felt they were right in claiming to represent working class within their many promises and strong influence, they were not justified in making this claim in the end. The party felt it had won the right to represent the proletarians by promising freedom and self-government, but after demonstrations such as the Kronstadt Rebellion and the formation of the Cheka, it became apparent that the Bolsheviks had betrayed the working class. Firstly, the Bolsheviks felt that they were a clear representation of the working class. One of the main reasons for this assumption was Lenin’s irresistible promises to the working class. In Lenin’s work â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling and Exploited Peoples† he outlines the rights and privileges promised by the Bolshevik party if they should come into power. One of the first rights he outlines is â€Å"The sovereignty of the people; i. e. , the concentration of the supreme power of the state in a unicameral legislative assembly composed of representatives of the people. Lenin sets out to demonstrate how the Bolshevik party stands for people’s representation in government, to further show the proletarians that the Bolshevik party is a â€Å"people’s party†. Lenin then goes on to point out that workers should be given the right to â€Å"Unrestricted freedom of conscience, speech, press and assembly; the right to strike and to form trade unions. † Because these new rights and freedoms were never available to the proletarians under the Tsarist regime, the promises made by the Bolsheviks were too good to pass up. In addition, the strength of the influence of the Bolsheviks’ served to gain support of the working class to the extent that other parties could not reach. Alex Shotman demonstrates how he and many others like him were influenced more by Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks , than any other party leader. The result of this debate and many others like it demonstrate how Bolshevik influence dominated in comparison to that of any other party. Because of the many promises and strong influence of the Bolshevik party, its members felt that they were justified in representing the working class. The validity of this idea, however, proved to be questionable after the Bolsheviks came into power. 2. Monopoly and the Media The Bolsheviks established a state monopoly of the media that absorbed literature, art, and science into a stylized and ritualistic public culture–a form of political performance that became its own reality and excluded other forms of public reflection. Although Lenin had control he wasn’t completely supported by the people of Russia. To gain support Lenin made a secret police force, which was in charge of erasing any opposition to the party. The Bolsheviks were also renamed the Communists. Freedom of press was cancelled, unless you supported the Communist cause. The government took control of all ways of life. Lenin also made peace with the germans as he knew if war continued, the revolution wouldn’t fully work. Although some were angery with the losses Russia had in the treaty, the Bolsheviks were in control, though it was not a steady form of control. There was still widespread opposition and soon a civil war broke out. he socialist ideologyon the freedom of press viewed it from two categories. Firstly the Leninism-marxism was completely against the idea of freedom of press as either absolute or abstract. The argument embodying this was that in a capitalist society the notion of freedom of press applied only to the Bourgeoisie and therefore the right to freedom of press applied to only a small percentage of the population. The first action to implement restrictions on the freedom of speech was the introduction o f the Decree of the Press authored by Lenin himself. The Decree and form of press which advocated for opposition and insubordination to the ruling communist party. An excerpt from the Decree below details the the thought of Lenin on how the monopolising the press would later benefit the masses and the working class: â€Å"For the bourgeoisie, freedom of the press meant freedom for the rich to publish and for the capitalists to control the newspapers, a practice which in all countries, including even the freest, produced a corrupt press. For the workers’ and peasants’ government, freedom of the press means liberation of the press from capitalist oppression, and public ownership of paper mills and printing presses; equal right for public groups of a certain size (say, numbering 10,000) to a fair share of newsprint stocks and a corresponding quantity of printers’ labour. † He recognised both the revolutionary potential of the workers’ press, see for example a number of his early articles such as Where to Begin and What is to be Done, and the reactionary role of the bosses’ papers (as did Marx later in his life). However, the class nature of society had actually corrupted the press, according to this resolution. Against the bosses’ newspapers, the revolutionary government set up a commission to examine the links between the capitalist press, shareholders and who owns, funds and organises the bosses’ newspapers. However, at this stage of the revolution the bosses’ press had not been suppressed, that came soon after with the invasion of Soviet Russia by 19 different armies and attempts to undermine the revolution. Sadly, these measures of suppression in part laid the basis for the later dictatorship of Stalin and the snuffing out of freedoms alone with wholesale state terror and murder of millions. In one way the suppression of the press proved Marx’s original point about human freedom but in a far more terrible way. 3. Aftermath of Monopolising Freedom of the press in the Soviet Union The Bolshevik leadership took it for granted that the revolutionary changes that they would carry out in the area of property relations, that is economic reforms, would result in equal revolutionary changes in culture. Thus in the first decade of their rule, the Bolsheviks would allow a degree of tolerance for independent creativity as well as developing government policies to mould the thoughts and behaviour of its citizens. The Bolsheviks were prepared to use propaganda on a scale never before used by any government to create a people attuned to the ideological dictates of their rulers. To this end, Lenin created a series of institutions to manage every aspect of public activity. The Supreme Council of the National Economy was formed to direct and coordinate all aspects of the communist economy. All matters dealing with the security of the State were entrusted to the Cheka and the Revolutionary Military Council handled every aspect of the Civil War. To manage the social revolution, Lenin consolidated all cultural organisations into a single large bureaucratised institution called the Commissariat of Enlightenment (=Narkompros) under the leadership of Anatolii Lunacharskii until (1929). Lunarcharskii was the Cultural Commissar and his all â€Å"counterrevolutionary newspapers were closed. a State monopoly over newspaper advertising was created. Lenin hoped to restrict the publication of anti-government newspapers by denying them advertising revenue. However, despite this, some 3,000 anti-Bolshevik newspapers continued to be published between November 1917 and June 1918. July-September – all independent newspapers were closed down by the Bolsheviks. On 27 May 1919 a state monopoly on paper was created. The state could now control the publication of all books. 6 June 1922 saw the censorship of all publications and pictorial matter was placed under the control of Narkompros. Publications of he Communist Party and its affiliates the Communist International and the Academy of Sciences were exempt. Due to these rules of censorship any semblance of independent thought disappeared from public life in Russian. From 1918 onwards, authors and painters learned to practice the art of self-censorship because they knew that the government censor would be keeping a strict vigilance on the work. Despite this however, Stalin was to in troduce even more severe censorship laws after 1928 to further ensure that the government controlled the mind and the social development of the ‘communist citizen’.

Night World : Secret Vampire Chapter 13

He doesn't understand,† Poppy said softly as Jamesunlocked the door to his apartment. â€Å"He just hasn'tgrasped that you're risking your life, too.† The apartment was very bare and utilitarian. Highceilings and spacious rooms announced that it wasexpensive, but there wasn't much furniture. In theliving room there was a low, square couch, a desk with a computer, and a couple of Oriental-lookingpictures on the wall. And books. Cardboard boxes of books stacked in the corners. Poppy turned to face James directly. â€Å"Jamie †¦ Iunderstand.† James smiled at her. He was sweaty and dirty andtired-looking. But his expression said Poppy made it all worthwhile. â€Å"Don't blamePhil,†he said, with a gesture of dismissal. â€Å"He's actually handling things pretty well. I've never broken cover to a human before, but I think most of them would run screaming and never come back. He's trying to cope, at least.† Poppy nodded and dropped the subject. James wastired, which meant they should go to sleep. Shepicked up the duffel bag that Phil had packed withher clothes and headed for the bathroom. She didn't change right away, though. She was toofascinated by her own reflection in the mirror. So this was what a vampire Poppy looked like. She was prettier, she noted with absent satisfaction. The four freckles on her nose were gone. Herskin was creamy-pale, like an advertisement for facecream. Her eyes were green as jewels. Her hair was wind-blown into riotous curls, metallic-copper. I don'tlooklike something that sits on a buttercupanymore, she thought. I look wild and dangerous andexotic. Like a model. Like a rock star. Like James. She leaned forward to examine her teeth, pokingat the canines to make them grow. Then she jerkedback, gasping. Her eyes. She hadn't realized. Oh, God, no wonderPhil had been scared. When she did that, when herteeth extended, her eyes went silvery-green, uncanny. Like the eyes of a hunting cat. All at once she was overcome by terror. She hadto cling to the sink to stay on her feet. I don't want it, I don't wantit†¦. Oh,dealwith it, girl. Stop whining. So what did you expect to look like, Shirley Temple? You're a hunter now. And your eyes go silver and blood tastes like cherry preserves. And that's all there is to it, andthe other choice was resting in peace. Sodeal. Gradually her breathing slowed. In the next few minutes something happened inside her;shediddeal.She found †¦ acceptance. It felt like something giving way in her throat and her stomach. She wasn'tweird and dreamy now, as she'd been when she hadfirst awakened in the cemetery; she could thinkdearly about her situation. And she could accept it. And I did it without running to James, she thought suddenly, startled. I don't need him to comfort meor tell me it's okay. I canmake it okay, myself. Maybe that was what happened when you faced the very worst thing in the world. She'd lost herfamily and her old life and maybe even her childhood, but she'd found herself. And that would have to do. She pulled the white dress over her head andchanged into a T-shirt and sweatpants. Then shewalked out to James, head high. He was in the bedroom, lying on a full-sized bedmade up with light brown sheets. He was still wearing his dirty clothes, and he had one arm crooked over his eyes. When Poppy came in, he stirred. â€Å"I'll go sleep on the couch,† he said. â€Å"No, you won't,† Poppy said firmly. She flopped on the bed beside him. â€Å"You're dead tired. And Iknow I'm safe with you.† James grinned without moving his arm. â€Å"Because I'm dead tired?† â€Å"Because I've always been safe with you.† Sheknew that. Even when she'd been a human and herblood must have tempted him, she'd been safe. She looked at him as he lay there, brown hair ruffled, body lax, Adidas unlaced and caked with soil.She found his elbows endearing. â€Å"Iforgot to mention something before,† she said.†I onlyrealizedI forgot when I was . . .going tosleep. I forgot to mention that I love you.† James sat up. â€Å"You only forgot to say it withwords.† Poppy felt a smile tugging at her lips. That was theamazing thing, the only purely good thing about what had happened to her. She and James had cometogether. Their relationship had changed-but it still had everything she'd valued in their old relationship.The understanding, the camaraderie. Now on top ofthat was the new excitement of discovering each other as more than best friends. And she'd found the part of him that she hadnever been able to reach before. She knew his secrets, knew him inside out. Humans could never know each other that way. They could never really get into another person's head. All the talking in theworld couldn't even prove that you and the otherperson both saw the same color red. And if she and James never merged like two dropsof water again, she would always be able to touchhis mind. A little shy, she leaned against him, resting on hisshoulder. In all the times they'd been dose, they'dnever kissed or been romantic. For now, just sitting here like this was enough, just feeling James breathe and hearing his heart and absorbing his warmth. Andhis arm around her shoulders was almosttoo much, almost too intense to bear, but at the same time it was safe and peaceful. It was like a song, one of those sweet, wrenchingsongs that makes the hair on your arms stand up.That makes you want to throw yourself on the floorand just bawl. Or fall backward and surrender to the music utterly. One ofthosesongs. James cupped her hand, brought it to his lips, andkissed the palm. I told you. You don't love somebody because of their looks or their clothes or their car. You love them becausethey sing a song that nobody but you can understand. Poppy's heart swelled until it hurt. Aloud she said, â€Å"We always understood the samesong, even when we were little.† â€Å"In the Night World there's this idea called thesoulmate principle. It says that every person has onesoulmate out there, just one. And that person is perfect for you and is your destiny. The problem beingthat almost nobody everfindstheir soulmate, just because of, distance. So most people go through theirwhole lives feeling not complete.† â€Å"I think it's the truth. Ialwaysknew you wereperfect for me.† â€Å"Not always.† â€Å"Oh, yes. Since I was five. I knew.† â€Å"I'd have known you were perfect for me-exceptthat everything I'd been taught said it was hopeless.† He cleared his throat and added, â€Å"That iswhy I wentout With Michaela and those other girls, you know.I didn't care about them. I could get dose to themwithout breaking the law.† â€Å"I know,† Poppy said. â€Å"I mean-I think I alwaysknew it was something like that, underneath.† Sheadded, â€Å"James? What am I now?† Some things shecould tell instinctively; she could feel them in herblood. But she wanted to know more, and she knewJames understood why. This was her life now. She had to learn the rules. â€Å"Well.† He settled against the headboard, head tilted back as she rested under his chin. â€Å"You're pretty much like me. Except for not being able to ageor havefamilies,made vampires are basically like thelamia.†He shifted. â€Å"Let's see. You already knowabout being able to see and hear better than humans.And you're a whiz at reading minds.† â€Å"Not everybody's mind.† â€Å"No vampire can read everybody's mind. Lots oftimes all I get is a sort of general feeling for whatpeople arethinking.The only certain way to make aconnection is to-† James opened his mouth andclicked his teeth. Poppy giggled as the sound traveled through her skull. â€Å"And how often do I haveto-?† She clicked herown teeth. â€Å"Feed.† She felt James getting serious. â€Å"Aboutonce a day on average. Otherwise you'll go into thebloodlust. You can eat human food if you want, but there's no nutrition in it. Blood is everything for us.† â€Å"And the more blood, the more power.† â€Å"Basically, yes.† â€Å"Tell me about power. Can we-well, what canwe do?† â€Å"We have more control over our bodies than humans. We can heal from almost any kind of injuryexcept from wood. Wood can hurt us, even kill us.† He snorted. â€Å"So there's one thing the movies haveright-a wooden stake through the heart will, in fact, kill a vampire. So will burning.† â€Å"Can we change into animals?† â€Å"I've never met any vampire that powerful. Buttheoretically it's possible for us, and shapeshifters andwerewolves do it all the time.† â€Å"Change into mist?† â€Å"I've never even met a shapeshifter who coulddo that.† Poppy thumped the bed with her heel. â€Å"And obviously we don't have to sleep in coffins.† â€Å"No, and we don't need native earth, either. Myself, I prefer a Sealy Posturepedic, but if you'd likesome dirt †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Poppy elbowed him. â€Å"Urn, can we cross runningwater?† â€Å"Sure. And we can walk into people's homes with out being invited, and roll in garlic if we don't mindlosing friends. Anything else?† â€Å"Yes. Tell me about the Night World.† It was herhome now. â€Å"Did I tell you about the dubs? We have clubs inevery big city. In a lot of small ones, too.†Ã¢â‚¬ What kind of dubs?† â€Å"Well, some are just dives, and some are like cafes,and some are like nightclubs, and some are likelodges-those are mostly for adults. I know one for kids that's just a big old warehouse with skate rampsbuilt in. You can hang out and skateboard. And there are poetry slams every week at the Black Iris.† Blackiris,Poppy thought. That reminded her of something. Something unpleasant †¦ What she said was, â€Å"That's a funny name.† â€Å"All the dubs are named for flowers. Black flowersare the symbols of the Night People.† He rotated hiswrist to show her his watch. An analog watch, witha black iris in the center of the face. â€Å"See?† â€Å"Yeah. You know, I noticed that black thing, but Inever really looked at it before. I think I assumed itwas Mickey Mouse.† He rapped her lightly on the nose in reproof. â€Å"Thisis serious business, kid. One of these will identify youto other Night People-even if they're as stupid as a werewolf.'I :You don't like werewolves?† â€Å"They're great if you like double-digit IQs.† â€Å"But you let them in the dubs.† â€Å"Some dubs. Night People may not marry out oftheir own kind, but they all mix:lamia,made vam pires, werewolves, both kinds of witches †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Poppy, who had been playing at intertwining theirfingers in different ways, shifted curiously. â€Å"What'sboth kinds of witches?† â€Å"Oh. . .there's the kind that know about theirheritage and have been trained, and the kind that don't. That second kind are what humans call psychics. Sometimes they just have latent powers, andsome of them aren't even psychic enough to findtheNight World, so they don't get in.† Poppy nodded. â€Å"Okay. Got it. But what if a human walks into one of those dubs?† â€Å"Nobody would let them. The dubs aren't whatyou'dcallconspicuous, and they're always guarded.† â€Å"But if they did†¦Ã¢â‚¬  James shrugged. His voice was suddenly bleak. â€Å"They'd be killed. Unless somebody wanted to pickthem up as a toy or pawn. That means a humanwho's basically brainwashed-who lives with vampires but doesn't know it because of the mind control.Sort of like a sleepwalker. I had a nanny once†¦Ã¢â‚¬ His voice trailed off, and Poppy could feel his distress. â€Å"You can tell me about it later.† She didn't wanthim ever to be hurt again. â€Å"M'm.†He sounded sleepy. Poppy settled herselfmore comfortably against him. It was amazing, considering her last experiencegoing to sleep, that she could even shut her eyes. But she could. She was with her soulmate, so whatcould go wrong? Nothing could hurt her here. Phil was having trouble shutting his eyes. Every time he did, he saw Poppy. Poppy asleep inthe casket, Poppy watching him with a hungry cat'sgaze. Poppy lifting her head from that guy's throat toshow a mouth stained as if she'd been eating berries. She wasn't human anymore. And just because he'd known all along that shewouldn't be didn't make it any easier to accept. He couldn't-he couldn't–condonejumping on people and tearing up their throats for dinner. Andhe wasn't sure that it was any better to charm people and bite them and then hypnotize them to forget it. The whole system was scary on some deeplevel. Maybe James had been righthumans justcouldn't deal with the idea that there was somebodyhigher on the food chain. They'd lost touch with their caveman ancestors, who knew what it was liketo be hunted. They thought all that primal stuff wasbehind them. Could Phillip tell them a thing or two. The bottom line was that he couldn't accept, andPoppy couldn't change. And the only thing that madeit bearable was that somehow he loved her anyway. Poppy woke in thedim, curtained bedroom the next day to find the other half of the bed empty. Shewasn't alarmed, though. Instinctively she reached out with her mind, and . . . there. James was in the kitchenette. She felt†¦ energetic. Like a puppy straining to belet loose in a field. But as soon as she walked intotheliving room, she felt that her powers were weaker. And her eyes hurt. She squinted toward the painful brightness of a window. â€Å"It's the sun,† James said. â€Å"Inhibits all vampirepowers, remember?† He went over to the windowand dosed the curtains-they were the blackout type, like the ones in the bedroom. The midafternoon sunshine was cut off. â€Å"That should help a little-butyou'd better stay inside today until it gets dark. Newvampires are more sensitive.† Poppy caught something behind his words. â€Å"You'regoing out?† â€Å"I have to.† He grimaced. â€Å"There's something I forgot my cousin Ash is supposed to show up thisweek. I've got to get my parents to head him off.† â€Å"I didn't know you had a cousin.† He winced again. â€Å"I've got lots, actually. They'reback East in a safe town-a whole town that's controlled by the Night World. Most of them are okay, but not Ash.† â€Å"What's wrong with him?† â€Å"He's crazy. Also cold-blooded, ruthless-â€Å" â€Å"You sound like Phil describing you.† â€Å"No, Ash is the real thing. The ultimate vampire.He doesn't care about anybody but himself, and heloves to make trouble.† Poppy was prepared to love all James's cousins forhis sake, but shad to agree that Ash soundeddangerous. â€Å"I wouldn't trust anyone to know about you justnow,† James said, â€Å"and Ash is out of the question. I'm going to tell my parents he can't come here,that's all.† And then what do we do? Poppy thought. She couldn't stay hidden forever. She belonged to theNight World-but the Night World wouldn't accepther. There had to be some solution-and she could onlyhope that she and James would find it. â€Å"Don't be gone too long,† she said, and he kissedher on the forehead, which was nice. As if it wasgetting to be a habit. When he was gone, she took a shower and puton dean clothes. Good old Phil-he'd slipped in herfavorite jeans. Then she made herself putter aroundthe apartment, because she didn't want to sit and think.Nobody should have to think on the day after their own funeral. The phone sat beside the square couch and mockedher. She found herself resisting the impulse to pickit up so often that her arm ached. But who could she call? Nobody. Not even Phil,because what if somebody overheard him? What ifher mother answered? No, no, don't think about Mom, you idiot. But it was too late. She was overwhelmed suddenly, by a desperate need to hear her mother's voice.Just to hear a â€Å"hello.† She knew she couldn't sayanything herself. She just needed to establish that her mom still existed. She punched the phone number in without givingherself time to think. She counted rings. One, two,three †¦ â€Å"Hello?† It was her mother's voice. And it was already over,and it wasn't enough. Poppy sat trying to breathe, with tears running down her face. She hung there,wringing the phone cord, listening to the faint buzz on the other end. Like a prisoner in court waiting to hear her sentence. â€Å"Hello? Hello.† Her mother's voice was flat andtired. Not acerbic. Prank phone calls were no big dealwhen you'd just lost your daughter. Then a click signaled disconnection. Poppy clutched the earpiece to her chest and cried, rocking slightly. At last she put it back on the cradle. Well, she wouldn't do that again. It was worse thannot being able to hear her mother at all. And it didn't help her with reality, either. It gave her a dizzy Twilight Zone feeling to think that her mom was athome, and everybody was at home, and Poppy wasn't there.Life was going on in that house, but she wasn'tpart of it anymore. She couldn't just walk in, any more than she could walk into some strange family's house. You're really a glutton for punishment, aren't you? Why don't you stop thinking about this and dosomething distracting? She was snooping through James's file cabinetwhen the apartment door opened. Because she heard the metallic jingle of a key, sheassumed it was James. But then, even before sheturned, she knew it wasn't James. It wasn't James's mind. She turned and saw a boy with ash blond hair. He was very good looking, built about like James,but a little taller, and maybe a year older. His hairwas longish. His face had a nice shape, clean-cut fea tures, and wicked slightly tilted eyes. But that wasn't why she was staring at him. He gave her a flashing smile. â€Å"I'm Ash,† he said.†Hi.† Poppy was still staring. â€Å"You were in my dream,† she said.. â€Å"You said, ‘Bad magic happens.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ â€Å"So you're a psychic?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"Your dreams come true?† â€Å"Not usually.† Poppy suddenly got hold of herself.†Listen, um, I don't know how you got in-â€Å" He jingled a key ring at her. â€Å"Aunt Maddy gaveme these. James told you to keep me out, I bet.† Poppy decided that the best defense was a goodoffense. â€Å"Now, why would he tell me that?† she said,and folded her arms over her chest. He gave her a wicked, laughing glance. His eyeslooked hazel inthislight, almost golden. â€Å"I'm bad,†he said simply. Poppy tried to plaster a look of righteous disapproval-like Phil's-on her face. It didn't work verywell. â€Å"Does James know you're here? Where is he?† â€Å"I have no idea. Aunt Maddy gave me the keysat lunch, and then she went out on some interiordecorating job. What did you dream about?† poppy just shook her head. She was trying tothink.presumably, James was wandering around in search ofhis mother right now. Once he found her he'd findout that Ash was over here, and then he'd come backfast.Which meant †¦well,Poppy supposed it meantshe should keep Ash occupied until James arrived. But how? She'd never really practiced being winsome and adorable with guys. And she was worriedabout talking too much. She might give herself awayas a new vampire. Oh, well. When in doubt, shut your eyes and jump right in. â€Å"Know any good werewolf jokes?† she said. He laughed. He had a nice laugh, and his eyes weren't hazel after all. They were gray, like James's. â€Å"You haven't told me your name yet, little dreamer,† he said. â€Å"Poppy,† Poppy said and immediately wished shehadn't. What if Mrs. Rasmussen had mentioned thatone of James's little friends called Poppy had justdied? To conceal her nervousness, she got up to dose the door. â€Å"Good lamianame,† he said. â€Å"I don't like thisyuppy thing of taking on human names, do you? I've got three sisters, and they all have regular oldfashioned names. Rowan, Kestrel, Jade. My dad would burst a blood vessel if one of them suddenlywanted to call herself ‘Susan.' â€Å" â€Å"Or ‘Maddy?' â€Å"Poppy asked, intrigued despiteherself. â€Å"Huh? It's short for Madder.† Poppy wasn't sure what madder was. A plant,she thought. â€Å"Of course I'm not saying anything against James,†Ash said, and it was perfectly dear from his voicethat he wassaying something against James. â€Å"Things are different for you guys in California. You have to mix more with humans; you have to be more careful.So ifnamingyourself after vermin makes it easier †¦ â€Å"He shrugged. â€Å"Oh, yeah, they're vermin all right,† Poppy said atrandom. She was thinking, he's playing with me. Isn't he playing with me? She had the sinking feeling that he knew everything. Agitation made her need to move. She headedfor James's stereo center. â€Å"So you like any vermin music?† she said.†Techno? Acid jazz? Trip-hop? Jungle?† She waveda vinyl record at him. â€Å"This is some serious jump-up jungle.† He blinked. â€Å"Oh, and this is great industrialnoise. And this is a real good acid house stomperwith a sort of madcore edge to it†¦.† She had him on the defensive now. Nobody couldstop Poppy when she got going like this. She widenedher eyes at him and blathered on, looking as fey asshe knew how. â€Å"And I say freestyle's coming back.Completely underground, so far, but on the rise.Now, Euro-dance,on the other hand †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ash was sitting on the square couch, long legsstretched out in front of him. His eyes were deepblue and slightly glazed. â€Å"Sweetheart,† he said finally, â€Å"I hate to interrupt.But you and I need to talk.† Poppy was too clever to ask him what about.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦these sort of eternal void keys and troll groaningsounds that make you want to ask, ‘Is anybody outthere?' â€Å"shefinishedand then she had to breathe.Ash jumped in. â€Å"We reallyhave to talk,† he said. â€Å"Before Jamesgets back.† There was no way to evade him now. Poppy'smouth was dry. He leaned forward, his eyes a dear blue-green like tropical waters. And, yes, they really dochange color, Poppy thought. â€Å"It's not your fault,† he said. â€Å"What?† It's not yourfault. That you can't shield your mind. You'll learn how to do it, he said, andPoppy only realized halfway through that he wasn't saying it out loud. Oh. . . spit. She should have thought of that.Should have been concentrating on veiling her thoughts.She tried to do it now. â€Å"Listen, don't bother. I know that you're notlamia. You're made, and you're illegal. James hasbeen a bad boy.† Since there was no point in denying it, Poppy liftedher chin and narrowed her eyes at him. â€Å"So youknow. So what are you going to do about it?† â€Å"That depends.† â€Å"On what?† He smiled. â€Å"On you.†

Cronica de Una Muerte Anunciado

Society should not be blamed for the antisocial behaviour of some individuals. Every society is made up of individuals with different values, preferences, goals and personalities. It is therefore not surprising to learn that some people feel that society should be blamed for any antisocial behaviour the individual might display. Before considering both sides of this issue we will define what is meant by the term antisocial behaviour. Behaviour that goes against what is considered acceptable by the norms opf society is said to be antisocial.Therefore, in most modern societies, murder, drug-abuse, violence and rape are among the behaviours that are antisocial. Should the society really be held accountable for the misconduct of its citizens? Some feel that it is unjust to blame the society because, as a free moral agent, the individual is responsible for his/her own decisions and actions. For instance in Cronica de una muerte anunciada by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the Vicario brothers kil l Santiago Nasar to avenge the family's honour.It is a death that is foretold because they have already made their intentions known to most people i the society. As a result, there are those who blame the society for not having done anything to prevent the murder. In fact, many citizens feel guilty for having remained silent over the matter. However, who made the decision to comit this antisocial act? Who actually committed it? The truth is, the Vicario brothers are the ones who made this decision and committed the act. So should the society be held accountable?One might consider the events leading up to the murder and say that Angela, her parents, and her friends were all equally accountable. Even though she was not in love with Bayardo, her parents were taken in by his wealth. Moreover, her mother assured her: â€Å"el amor se aprende. † Her friends too, discouraged her from any thought of revealing that she was not a virgin. They also assured her that her husband would not be aware of her state, and they encouraged her to deceive him: â€Å"Lo unico que creen es lo que vean en la sabana, le dijeron. â€Å"All these factors led to her being returned to her parents in a state of disgrace, thus prompting her brothers to seek out and kill Santiago Nasar. In addition to this, the societal traditions that led the brothers to feel the need to avenge the family's honour could be blamed for the fateful events. As we have seen, even though the Vicario brothers must bear the responsibility for their actions, there is overwhelming evidence that the society, through its silence, its traditions, its deceit, and its greed, is to be blamed for the antisocial behaviour of Angela's brothers.

How we reduce cars on campus by 10% by 2015( Essay

How we reduce cars on campus by 10% by 2015( - Essay Example The available programs have a shortage of premium quality service options, poor road pricing, lack priority and preferred parking spaces and it is not flexible enough to even allow unscheduled use of the vans or even allow one to use it twice or more times. There are sporadic and confined bus services to the campus and this is a promoting factor to the use of personal vehicles to the campus. The public transport with the buses is limited to some restricted routes and thus it does not reach some areas. This forces the students or staffs in those routes to use private means to reach the campus. The other bus services have fixed schedule time that discourages the commuters since they are not assured of getting a vehicle back home if he/she cannot confine with the fixed time (Nozzi, 2003). The bus services are also inconvenienced in the routes where the boundaries are placed forcing one to walk and this is more time consuming thus it is better to use the private means. Biking services ha ve both physical and external challenges and it is unrealistic to most students. This has many challenges since most of the time the weather changes from time to time discouraging most people from using this cheap means. Majority of the campus students and staffs sees this mean as unworkable because it does not meet the standards of a campus staff or students and it is viewed as a way of killing self-prestige and respect. Bicycles increase the rate of theft in the campus simply because it is easy to pick on someone’s bicycle without raising any suspicions (International Police Mountain Bike Association, 2007). The use of buses around campus seems to have met many challenges ranging from route restriction, conflict in time scheduling and commuting hours. This makes this option in helping reduce car population to 10% by 2015 as being ineffective. This is an important issue because it addresses on how to provide means of improving the infrequent and inconvenient bus services thu s encouraging more people to shift to the ridesharing thus reducing the number of the personal cars in the campus. In the implementation of increased ridesharing facility within the campus, a number of steps must be considered which will improve the service as compared to how it currently exists. Ridesharing options within campus transport has been approved by a number of environmental watchdogs in the country due to the level of CO2 emission reduction that it creates. In the implementation of this program, funding sources will have to be created with viable targets being the BC Climate Action Charter and the Live Smart BC groups. The ride sharing processes within campus require the presence of a green staff team responsible for the coordination of the exercises each place must also have a cohort representative to evaluate the prevailing situation in each area before reporting to the green team. Reorganization of the royal shared ride services will also need a functional and user-fr iendly website that makes it easier for the users to interact and access the services. As a means of publishing these services, the green team shall produce brochures and booklets to highlight the advantages of this service and its benefit in eliminating cars in the campus. In addition, staff and students will be taught on the benefits of using RRU services shall be conducted by representatives from the different cohorts. They

The Customer-Service Agent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Customer-Service Agent - Essay Example Bill Ryan who acts as a customer-service representative or agent in an online marketplace that is owned by the renowned eBay Inc., an internet auction company, it can be stated that the day diary does not include sufficient information. The day diary only depicted limited job responsibilities of a customer-service agent i.e. Mr. Ryan within the online marketplace settings. Moreover, the day diary did not provide a detailed understanding about the core functions as well as the essential qualifications of a customer-service agent. According to the article which deals with Mr. Ryan, the information of the work as well as the activities which he performed acting as a customer-service agent in an online marketplace is quite useful. This article would largely support the different customer-service agents working in dissimilar organizations to get an inclusive along with a systematic job description particularly of a customer-service agent. In relation to the usefulness of the information which is mentioned in the article, it can be stated that the article broadly emphasized upon valuing the demands of the customers by a considerable extent. Moreover, the article also revealed the information that it is quite necessary to settle the arising disputes of the customers for the motive of accomplishing significant returns. In addition, the article also affirmed the valuable information that a customer-service agent should remain calm and composed when the buyers or the customers are upset due to their any kind of dissa tisfaction relating with the products. There lies the requirement of certain extra information as the day diary does not encompass sufficient information about the detailed functions or responsibilities of a customer-service agent. Moreover, the day diary does not describe the qualifications of a customer-service agent in order to execute their various assigned job tasks. In this regard, the other core

Heather Fraser, Mae Shaw and Paulo Freires View of Communitarianism Essay

Heather Fraser, Mae Shaw and Paulo Freires View of Communitarianism - Essay Example From the report findings it is clear a community represents a high level of employing an elementary preposition of political and social contribution. Neighbourhoods, families and churches all form part of the entire community despite the political and moral interpretations. Despite many differences across the globe, a community constitutes shared values and goals that coincide with the individual interests. In addition, community members have an instrumental value that built a personal relationship for different members to enjoy a sense of ownership. Most importantly, members of a community enjoy a sense of identity that allows them to enjoy various present conditions. The paper states that friendship has been an instrumental factor in defining different relationships. On other hand, this has failed in many instances, as it does not converge solidarity. Arguably, this is because of communal concerns and other issues such as sexual practices as well as understanding of the universe. Above all, communitarianism remains a viewpoint that has significantly affected the community. Despite going through change from one community to another, the term community probably remains an umbrella words that has not change meaning but only use. In his book, Four different approaches to community participation Heather Fraser presents a theoretical orientation of communitarianism from different approaches.

Reflective Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective Report - Essay Example More importantly, the course has provided me with tools for creativity and for solving problems within the business environment through the successful application of these tools and ideas. The practical application of the creativity and innovation tools has enabled me to have a wider knowledge on how to approach problems in my career and in business and come up with solutions to solve the problems. Through the module, I was able to learn the importance of creativity and how it affects performance and failures in contemporary business practice as well as how to manage them. For instance from the theory of Zeger Degraeve I have learnt on how to create an organizational culture that fosters the business belief of taking risks, experimentation and innovation and he need to focus on the qualities of decision making rather than the outcomes alone. Through the theory of Zeger, I have learnt that the results of decisions is irrelevant as a measure of decision quality as the difference between the time lapse of the decision itself and the realization of the results. In the course of the module and on the basis of Zeger’s theories, I have learnt that the quality of decision is measured at the moment the decision is made as decision-making is always a process is based on valuing the alternatives at the moment they are available and the present information. I have also learnt that the process of making decisions is a reflective and analytical and must embrace the tenets of effective communication. In any business, my personal lessons from this theory is that one should be judged by the quality of their performance and that progress in the career should reflect our intrinsic quality of our contribution to the business in terms of decisions. I have also managed to grasp ideas on the stages of team development from the five-step analysis given by Tuckman as these are necessary for the team in handling the

Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Migration - Essay Example As I see it, the only reason why females are preferred for contractual labor is that they are considered to be more tolerant to hardships and subsequently less likely to surge against the current system. Despite the obvious benefits of employing both male and female laborers for agricultural work, the global North, in contrast to that of the South, tend to favor the males. Aside from the possible reasons indicated in the study of Preibisch and Grez, one possible reason is that females are, by history, put in harder types of labor than males are. The differences in the economic status of Canada and Mexico may explain why the preferences for agricultural laborers are different. In Mexico, wherein agriculture is the largest and most financially active economic sector, and thus has the most labor intensive jobs available. In high income countries such as Canada, for example, the agriculture sector enjoys technological advancements, such as tractors and milling machines, that make work in the fields easier. Thus the most labor-intensive and, subsequently the jobs that the native Canadians prefer not to take, are those in the care giving and domestic help sectors. Consequently, the jobs in these sectors are those that are made available to the migrant workers.

Infrared spectroscopy structural determination Lab Report

Infrared spectroscopy structural determination - Lab Report Example These regions are named relative to their position on the spectrometer. From the graph, the boiling point is 151Â °C which makes the unknown organic compound to be isopropyl benzene. This works on the basis that molecules tend to take in specific frequencies that can be related to their structure. The type of bond vibrating is directly proportional to the absorption rate. The amount of energy can also be determined by the shape of the molecular potential energy surfaces, the atomic masses and the vibrancy coupling. When laboratory findings are being investigated, gaseous sample are usually taken through various processes in order to be ready for tests. Gaseous materials need samples with a long path length. The long path length is necessary for the diluteness. The path length is then reflected on the graph creating the motions (Soderberg 86). The path length determines the can be used to determine the concentration of the compound under investigation. This technique is widely used both in organic and inorganic chemistry and has proven lots of help to s cientists. The technique has been applied also while checking the level or concentration of gases in green

Decision Making Process Model in Real Life Marketing Essay

Decision Making Process Model in Real Life Marketing - Essay Example The process involves a number of factors that influence the decision making of an individual and includes the various stages that a shopper goes through while purchasing a product thus outlining the flow of activities (both physical and psychological) from the beginning to the end. The interview conducted in this certain scenario was that of an individual who had decided to buy a new pull-out sofa to add to the furniture in their house. The individual needed the sofa for visiting individuals who wanted to spend the night and thus the subject was very particular about getting this particular type of sofa. By studying the decision making process that took place one is able to identify the various variables that were taken into consideration as well as other influences that a played a part in the formation of the final decision. The stages that the consumer went through during this process included: This was the first stage and the consumer identified the problem that they were faced with (the need that they had) and what was required in order to solve the issue once it has been pointed out (Blythe, 2008). In this case the main need of this particular consumer was the provision of a place to sleep for overnight guests that would not take up too much space due to the size of the individual’s living quarters. This could effectively rule out the need for a bed as another one would not be able to fit in the apartment and thus a pull-out sofa arose as the best alternative option on offer. The main issue was ensuring that the needs of the consumer will be satisfactorily met by the purchase of the product that they had in mind (Cheng, Luckett & Schulz, 2003).

Determination Essay Example for Free

Determination Essay In â€Å"The Glass Castle† we see many different possibilities pertaining to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. We see the father, Rex and one of the daughters, Maureen, who fall victim to Maslow. Then there’s Jeanette and the mother, Rose Mary who have both seemed to achieve self-actualization regardless of their hardships. Traditionally, Maslow’s Hierarchy is thought to be achieved by working up from the bottom of the pyramid to get to the top. However, in â€Å"The Glass Castle† this is not particularly true. All the characters mentioned in this essay lacked safety and security, love and belonging, and psychological needs at some point during the novel. How they handled this though varies. â€Å"The Glass Castle† gives you a different view on this topic altogether. We see that whether or not Maslow’s Hierarchy is achieved, depends solely on the individual themselves. The character we most clearly see represent Maslow is the father, Rex Walls. Throughout the book we see Rex battle alcohol addiction and struggle to provide for his family. When the family moves to Welch we learn that Rex was probably abused as a child which leads us to believe this is the source of his alcohol addiction. Since Rex never achieved the safety, and love and belonging chunks of Maslow, he was never able to reach his full potential. He always spoke of dreams, but never had determination to back them up. â€Å"But since we couldn’t afford to pay the town’s trash-collection fee, our garbage was really piling up. One day Dad told us to dump it in the hole. â€Å"But that’s for the Glass Castle,† I said. â€Å"It’s a temporary measure,† Dad told me.† (Walls 155). By seeing his dreams fall through, we can assume Rex never achieved self-actualization. Rex is never able to let his demons from his past go, causing him to never reac h his full potential. Another character we see never reach their full potential, is Maureen. Like her father Maureen is not able to let go of her past. Maureen was often neglected as a child, lacking the love and belonging needs of Maslow. â€Å"Afterward, I called Brian. â€Å"Do you think Maureen’s on drugs?† I asked. â€Å"If she’s not, she should be,† he said. â€Å"She’s gone nuts.† (Walls 275) Not soon after, the mother kicks Maureen out, and Maureen ends up stabbing her. Maureen is sent to a mental institution for a year then takes off to California. Unlike her father and sister Jeanette shows us that it is capable to reach your full potential regardless of what you have gone through. Even through the hardships of her childhood Jeanette is set on moving to New York with Lori and becoming a reporter. By putting her past aside she is able to achieve this and finally reaches her full potential. â€Å"I still went into the office in the city once a week, but this was where John and I lived and worked, our home—the first house I’d ever owned. Mom and Lori admired the wide planked floorboards, the big fireplaces, and the ceiling beams made from locust posts, with gouge marks from the ax that had felled them.† Unlike any of the houses she lived in as a child, her current home goes above and beyond. If you compare Jeannette to her sister Maureen it’s clear that becoming all that you can be depends solely on yourself. Maureen went through the same experiences as Jeanette, yet Jeanette is the one who decides to do something with her life, while Maureen continues to let her life be the same as it always was. The last character we see achieve self-actualization is the mother, Rose Mary. Throughout the book Rose Mary is constantly picking out positive from the negative. In the beginning of the book we learn that Jeanette tries to help her mother since her mother is homeless on the streets of New York, but her mother denies it. â€Å"I’d tried to help them countless times, but dad would insist they didn’t need anything, and mom would ask for something silly, like a perfume atomizer or a membership in a health club. They said they were living the way they wanted to.†(Walls 4) Rose Mary seems to be comfortable with her lifestyle and is still content with it at the end of the book. â€Å"After we sat down for dinner, mom told us her good news. She had been a squatter for almost fifteen years, the city had finally decided to sell the apartments to her and the squatters for one dollar apiece.†(Walls 288) Even though Rose Mary isn’t living in luxury, she is happ y. And to be happy with where you’re at in life is basically achieving self-actualization. Throughout the four examples I provided it’s clear that you are the writer to your own destiny. It’s about personal strength. The stronger a person you are, the more determined you are to make something of yourself. Unfortunately for Maureen’s’ case, she was too reliant on other people to be able to depend on herself. She was never able to break away and do something with her life, the same goes for her father. Rex did at least try to make his children’s’ life better than his own as a child, but he let his alcohol addiction get in the way of giving his kids, and himself the best life possible. Jeanette and Rose Mary however both managed to become happy, regardless. The Walls family most certainly did not have a perfect life, and they’ve been through more than some of us could possibly imagine, but the majority of them turned out pretty well, and that itself is a huge achievement. To me personally, it seems determination is the key to following Maslow’s Hierarchy. To move up the pyramid you need to be determined, without determination you settle for what little you get, just like Maureen and Rex. The determination to be happy and the determination to do better for yourself is what will make the dream of self-actualization become possible. This however, depends on the person you are, and the outlook you have on life.

Theme Parks Essay Example for Free

Theme Parks Essay Domestic an International Tourism Economy, 303 Mihai Bravu Street, bl 18 A, sc B, ap 54, sector3, Bucharest, Email: [emailprotected] com, Phone 0744. 671. 291 Strutzen Gina 14 Alexandru Ioan Cuza Street, Voluntari, Ilfov, Email: [emailprotected] com, Phone: 0723. 212. 300, Romanian American Univerity, Faculty of Domestic an International Tourism Economy Theme parks are star players in the tourism industry, and play a special and important role in generating tourism demand. Theme parks are the main motivators for tourism trips to many destinations and core elements of the tourism product. Domestic an International Tourism Economy, 303 Mihai Bravu Street, bl 18 A, sc B, ap 54, sector3, Bucharest, Email: [emailprotected] com, Phone 0744. 671. 291 Strutzen Gina 14 Alexandru Ioan Cuza Street, Voluntari, Ilfov, Email: [emailprotected] com, Phone: 0723. 212. 300, Romanian American Univerity, Faculty of Domestic an International Tourism Economy Theme parks are star players in the tourism industry, and play a special and important role in generating tourism demand. Theme parks are the main motivators for tourism trips to many destinations and core elements of the tourism product. Competition in the theme park market is growing also in terms of an increasing number of parks, but also relative to other uses of leisure. But in different areas, the theme park market in seems to be reaching its saturation point and the parks have to cater for visitors who are getting more and more experienced and demanding. Given these trends of growing theme park supply, environmental constraints and increasingly discriminating consumer demand, it can be concluded that theme parks, to survive in this competitive market, must optimize is, given an ever increasing number of parks and future trend of consumer behavior. Keywords: tourism, theme parks, development The theme park concept In general, theme parks can be defined as a subset of visitor attractions. Visitor attractions are described as permanent resources which are designed, controlled and managed for the enjoyment, amusement, entertainment, and education of the visiting public There are the main types of managed attractions for visitors: ancient monuments; historic buildings; parks and gardens; theme parks; wildlife attractions; museums; art galleries; industrial archeology sites; themed retail sites; amusement and leisure parks. Another definition of visitor attractions is regarded by specialists as â€Å"single units, individual sites or clearly defined small-scale geographical areas that are accessible and motivate large numbers of people to travel some distance from their home, usually in their leisure time, to visit them for a short, limited period of time†. Although this definition excludes uncontrollable and unmanageable phenomena the definition does imply that attractions are entities that are capable of being delimited and managed. The adepts of this definition consider four main types of attractions: features within the natural environment (beaches, caves, forests); man-made buildings, structures and sites that were designed for a purpose; other than attracting visitors (churches, archeological sites); man-made buildings, structures and sites that were designed to attract visitors and were purposely built to accommodate their needs, such as theme parks (theme parks, museums, waterfront developments); special events (sporting events, markets). These four types are distinguished by two aspects. Firstly, the first three types are generally permanent attractions, while the last category covers attractions that are temporary. Second, tourism is often seen as a threat to the first two types, and is generally perceived to be beneficial and an opportunity for the last two types. Managers of the first two types of attractions in general deal with problems caused by visitors, such as environmental damages and pollution, while managers of the other two types tend to aim to attract tourists, increase visitor numbers, and maximize economic input. The main features that distinguish theme parks from other kinds of visitor attractions are: †¢ a single pay-one-price admission; †¢ charge; †¢ the fact that they are mostly artificially created; †¢ the requirement of high capital investments. Theme parks attempt to create an atmosphere of another place and time, and usually emphasize one dominant theme around which architecture, landscape, rides, shows, food services, costumed personnel, retailing are 635 orchestrated. In this definition, the concept of themes is crucial to the operation of the parks, with rides, entertainment, and food all used to create several different environments. Examples of types of themes used in contemporary theme parks include history-periods, fairy tails, animals, water, marine and futurism. These themes are used to create and sustain a feeling of life involvement in a setting completely removed from daily experience. Most theme parks are isolated, self contained units. Furthermore, it needs to be noted that most theme parks are developed, targeted and managed as private sector companies, and are commercial enterprises. The world’s best known theme parks arguably are the Disney parks, such as Disneyland, Disneyworld and Euro Disney. The amusement parks, appeared previous the theme park concept, which were developed at the turn of this century and consisted of a mixture of entertainment, rides, games, and tests of skill provided at fairs, carnivals, circuses, and frequently they had an outdoor garden for drinking. Amusement parks were an important element of mass tourism in the pre-depression period. However, the World War II has strongly influenced the decline of the traditional amusement park. Many parks were forced to close down permanently, while others survived, on a reduced scale, into the 1950s or even beyond. Since the end of World War II the number and range of theme parks available to consumers has multiplied dramatically. The rise of car-ownership has increased mobility and allowed people to visit more isolated parks in their own countries that were previously inaccessible. Rising affluence has increased the amount of free time. Also, longer weekends and increased paid holidays have helped to stimulate the expansion in theme park visits. Furthermore, the growth of tourism in the past fifty years and the recognition of the economic benefits of tourism have led to the growth of purpose-built attractions, such as theme parks, specifically designed to attract tourists, and to encourage them to spend their money. Disney was the first to introduce a special and new style of parks around a number of themes or unifying ideas to sanitize the amusement park for the middle classes. The modern day techniques for reproducing landscape, buildings, and arte facts can create a reality in theme parks that has been previously the preserve of film and theatre. Through changes in transportation technology and social attitudes, downtown industrial and residential land has become redundant. For example, historic buildings are often inaccessible to the new scale of road, and historic buildings worthy of conservation are not always adaptable to new business practice. The current interest in urban space for leisure and the use of leisure as a generator for adaptation and renewal is significant. In marketing urban locations for new investment the quality of life is becoming identified with the quality of the leisure environment. During the 80’s and 90’s, theme parks began spreading around the world. While many developing nations are experiencing the entertainment of theme parks for the first time, the theme park growth slowed in the USA due to escalating costs and a lack of markets large enough to support a theme park. The development of theme parks over time has been different in every country, reflecting differences in a number of factors including: the level of economic development and the distribution of wealth; the transport system; the natural environment and built heritage; the national culture; the degree to which tourism is a matter of incoming foreign visitors rather than domestic demand. The tourism general environment of the theme parks The theme park and its total tourism environment need to be a place in which the entire array of physical features and services are provided for an assumed capacity of visitors. The tourism supply and demand market is the two sides that require close examination for theme park planning. Insight in market developments is necessary for taking a longer term perspective in theme park planning. The economic environment of theme parks The planning efforts of theme park are mostly directed towards improving the economy, because the economic impact of theme parks is generally positive including: increased direct and indirect employment, income and foreign exchange; improved transportation facilities and other infrastructure for tourism that residents also can 636 utilize; generation of government revenues for improvement of community facilities and services; the multiplier effect within the local and regional economy. Although improving the economy is an important goal, it will not be achieved unless planning for the economy is accompanied by three other goals, enhanced visitor satisfaction, protected resource assets, and integration with community social and economic life. For example, some theme parks use imported goods and services instead of taking advantage of locally available resources. Also, tourism can cause inflation of local prices of land, goods and services. The socio-cultural environment of theme parks The impact of theme park operations can bring both benefits and problems to the local society and its cultural patterns. A theme park in an area generates contact between residents and visitors. This can be problematic in areas where the traditional cultural pattern of the residents differs extremely from that of the visitors of a park. Also, when there is a substantial socioeconomic difference between the visitors and the residents this may cause a problem. For example, problems may include over crowding of facilities and transportation, over commercialization, misunderstandings and conflicts between residents and visitors because of differences in languages, customs, and value systems, and violation of local dress and behavior codes. Theme parks especially have peak attendance figures, and therefore the concentration of visitors in space and time is a major problem. On the other hand, tourism in an area may improve the living standards of people and help pay for improvements to community facilities and services if the economic benefits of tourism are well distributed. The psychically environment of theme parks Theme parks’ environmental impact is mostly negative and a cause for concern. As theme parks have been designed specifically to accommodate the modern visitor, the environmental impact of theme parks can include visual pollution like unattractive buildings and structures, and large unattractive car parks. The space occupation of parks is enormous and mostly involves destruction of parts of the natural environment. Other environmental problems are air and water pollution, noise, vehicular and pedestrian congestion, and land use incompatibility. Therefore, an essential element of theme park planning is determining the carrying capacities or use saturation levels of the area. The transportation of the theme parks Passenger transportation is a vital component of the theme park system. Theme parks have a relationship with transport systems in a number of ways: The transport networks make theme parks physically accessible to potential visitors and therefore are an important factor in determining the number of visitors a theme park is likely to attract. The e existence of major theme parks and attractions leads to the development of new public transport services to meet the demand of visitors. The transport is also important within destinations to make travel between theme parks and attractions and between attractions and services as easy as possible. The modes of transport can often be an attraction in themselves with passengers being encouraged to see using them as a type of special event. The novel methods of on-site transport are used to move visitors around the theme park in ways that will add to the enjoyment of their visit. The planning of inter modal transportation centers is needed for domestic local, as well as outside, visitor markets. The infrastructure of theme parks In addition to transportation facilities, other infrastructure elements include water supply, electric power, waste disposal, and telecommunications. These components are usually planned by the public sector. Even though private and independent decision making are valued highly by most enterprises in all tourism sectors, each will gain by better understanding the trends and plans by others. The public sector can plan for better highways, water supply, waste disposal, when private sector plans for attractions and services are known. Conversely, the private sector can plan and develop more effectively when public sector plans are known. Facilities offered by the theme parks Accommodation, hotels and other tourist facilities, provide services so that tourists can stay overnight during their travels. Other facilities necessary for tourism development include tour and travel operations, restaurants, retail 637 outlets, souvenir shops, financial facilities and services, tourist information offices, public safety facilities and services of police and fire protection. A theme park and its environment need to be planned in such a way that the entire array of physical features and services is provided for an assumed capacity of visitors. It is important in planning the services businesses to realize that they gain from clustering. Food services, lodging, and supplementary services must be grouped together and within reasonable time and distance reach for the visitor. The institutional environment The institutional elements need to be considered in planning the theme park environment. From national to local governing levels, statutory requirements may stimulate or hinder tourism development. For example, policies on infrastructure may favor one area over another. Also, the administrative laws and regulations can influence the amount and quality of tourism development in a particular area. Policies of the many departments and bureaus can greatly influence how human, physical and cultural resources are applied. The development of theme parks The theme park market worldwide has grown dramatically during the last decades. For example, in the USA (where most of the theme park trends originated), theme parks have more than 200 million paid attendees each year. This strong consumer demand has resulted in the development of many parks. These parks are not only growing rapidly in size and importance, but also are investing substantial amounts in new entertainment and facilities, and extending their services into relatively unexplored areas such as catering and accommodation.. Also, Asia is the theme park market for the new millennium. Even more, several Asian cities, like Bangkok, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, want to become ‘tourism hubs’, and theme parks are central to these plans. Although in the Asian countries a shift from hopping centers to theme parks can be seen, the opposite can be observed as well indicating a growing role of retailing in existing theme parks. The relationship between merchandising and theme park visits clearly has potential for further growth, and the advantages of stimulating this demand are becoming increasingly recognized by theme park operators. They are racing to obtain more profits out of their rides, activities and exhibits by linking rides to merchandise and placing goods at spots where visitors are most likely to buy, and that is close to the key rides, activities and exhibits The objective is to give people a part of the park to take home and share with others. In Europe most theme parks were built in the last 25 years. First, theme parks were more a Northern Europe phenomenon, but recently, several regions and countries in Southern Europe have supported the growth of theme parks as an attractive option to increase economic input. Due to all these new parks built, the theme park market is saturating. Consequently, the competition in the European theme park market is growing. Not only in terms of the growing number of new other parks, but also due to other uses of leisure time and discretionary expenditure such as home-based entertainment systems. Managers of large theme parks are concerned about the scale of the investments required to add new exciting rides, activities and exhibits to their product. Especially, because a golden rule is that a theme park every year has to expand their park with a new attraction, to attract the required level of visitors European theme parks invest in average twenty percent of their turnover on new or better rides, activities and exhibits. Theme parks challenges The first challenge for theme parks managers is to integrate the elements in the park itself with all the elements defining the theme park environment in the theme park development plan. For example, theme parks cannot function without transportation possibilities to bring the visitor to the park, or food supply or accommodation to support the visitor’s stay. Planning a theme park requires significant public private cooperation. More and more public governments turn to the private sector for the provision of services and the production of new products However, in order for such processes to run smoothly in theme parks, greater understanding of the roles of both sectors is needed. All private sector players on the supply side of the theme park environment such as, attractions, services, transportation, etc., depend greatly on investment, planning and management policies of government. Conversely, governments depend on the private sector for many tourism activities and responsibilities. Therefore, cooperation between the public and private sector is essential. 638 Another characteristic of theme parks is that their demand is highly seasonal. For theme park planners seasonality effects mean that they need to plan the facilities in such a way that whatever season or number of visitors in the park, the visitor experiences in the park are optimal. Also, when demand for rides, activities and facilities fluctuates during the day this can cause problems for the park, such as congestion and time specific peaks at the rides, activities and facilities. For theme park managers, capacity planning and routing is therefore an important task to deal with these problems. For example, to optimize the visitor streams in the park and to minimize waiting times at the activities. Another characteristic is the fact that theme parks face high fixed costs and low variable costs. This means that the costs per visitor in the low season, when there are only few visitors in the park, are much higher than in the high season, especially if the quality of the visitor experience has to be maintained. Furthermore, each year parks require high investments to add new exciting attractions to their product to attract the required level of visitors At the demand side, theme park planners may rely on marketers to actively try and manipulate tourist demand, by price differentiation across seasons, special rates for early bookings and bundling of services and visits over time or with other tourist facilities in the region. Similar to other tourist attractions, theme parks first and foremost provide enjoyment to their customers. This implies that theme park managers face especially strong demands from customers for new and exciting innovations in their services. Special strategies need to be devised to deal with tourist variety seeking. Also typically a diverse number of services within a park is required to promote repeat visits and to cater for different members of visitors groups as seniors and children) and for different segments in the tourist population at large. This has important implications for theme park planning in terms of location and type of activities that should be introduced and supported. Detailed consumer information often is essential to meet these consumers’ requirements. The costumers requirements place special demands on theme park planners in terms of: meeting environmental standards imposed through (inter)national regulations and local communities, by increasing demands in terms of landscaping and design, and financial responsibilities in terms of managing large areas of land which need to be bought, leased or rented depending on the organization’s financial management strategy. Another challenge facing theme park planner is that planning a park requires special skills in terms of combining creative and commercial abilities. Theme park design is crucial in determining the success of a park. In terms of design, several different levels can be distinguished. First, rides, activities and exhibits have to be designed attractively and effectively both in terms of initial appeal and usage. Second, landscaping and urban designs are required to integrate the different single facilities into a whole based on the selected theme for the park. And finally, activities and services need to be arranged that can support and increase consumer experiences of the physical elements in the park. There also are some more general features of the theme park product that are shared with other services and that are a challenge to theme park planning. Meeting consumer demand must be done however without compromising environmental and socio-cultural objectives. Because the theme product is consumed and produced at the same time, the service must be right the first time. Therefore, adequate theme park planning is highly critical for optimizing the delivery of the theme park product to the consumer. The final challenges facing theme park planners are created by the theme park market. There is a growing competition in the theme park market, with an ever increasing number of parks and many parks expanding their activities. Even more so, the tourist demand market is facing demographic changes in the form of agreeing population, economic changes that lead to tighter family time budgets because of an increasing number of double earner households, and the introduction of new technologies such as multimedia entertainment that compete directly with the traditional theme park market. Knowledge of potential market origins, and interests, habits and other travel characteristics of the population is a necessary but not sufficient condition to plan the several components of the supply side. It is important for the parks to know how consumers think, and what makes them visit or not visit attractions, and when they want to visit a park. Also, for theme park planners, an estimate of peak visitor volume is essential to the planning of every feature of the theme park, parking, attractions, exhibits, toilet facilities, tour guidance, food services and souvenir sales. 639 It can be concluded that the challenges theme park planners face ask for planning methods that can integrate the different components in the planning processes within and across various levels of planning. References : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Clave, Clark, Global theme park industry, Cab International, 2007; Goelder, Ch. , Tourism – principles, practices, philosophies 8th ed. , Edit. John Wiley Sons, SUA, 2000; Wright, Godwin, The Imagineering Field Guide to Magic Kingdom Park at Walt Disney World Disney Press, 2005; www. themeparkinsider. com www. amusamentparks. com.

Fieldwork Report in Physical Geography

Fieldwork Report in Physical Geography Importance of fieldwork in Physical Geography The process of observing and collecting data about people, cultures, topographic features and natural environments is considered as the field work. Field work is conducted not only in the wild of our everyday surroundings but also in the semi-controlled environments of a lab or classroom. Generally, field work contributes to help researchers to collect data about the people, species and dynamic places surrounding them. It is the fieldwork which enables the students as well as the researchers to examine how the scientific theories interact with real life. The importance of fieldwork is enormous in both the social and natural sciences. Social sciences deals with economics or history and mainly focus on people, culture, and society while natural sciences, such as biology or chemistry, focus on physical characteristics of nature as well as natural environments. So, in physical geography fieldwork is a standard method which offers new understandings of physical phenomena that can be obtained most clearly. In this way fieldwork turns out to be a highly enthusiastic means to obtain new interpretations when combined with proper tools and techniques associated with other wide-ranging mapping tools in the geographic information science (GIS science) laboratory like land cover or land shape data as well as digital elevation models derived from satellite imagery. Field work in Sundarban Sundarban is positioned along the cost of Bay of Bengal in the southern part of Bangladesh covering an area of 272,510 hectares of which 139,500 hectors are in Bangladesh and the remaining 133,010 hectares form the Indian part. The Sundarbans (Bangladesh part) was designated as a world heritage sites in 1997 by the UNESCO. The worlds largest mangrove Sundarbans consist of three wildlife sanctuaries (Sundarbans West, East and South) which are lying on disjunctive deltaic islands close to the boundary with India in the west of the main outflow of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers. A complex network of tidal waterways, mud flats and small islands of salt tolerant mangrove forests intersected these sanctuaries. During high tides the area is swamped with brackish water that mix with freshwater from inland rivers. Alluvial deposits in this area are geologically very recent and deep. The landscape of Sundarban is dynamic in nature which is constantly being changed due to the combine d effect of the monsoon rains, delta formation, flooding and tidal influence. Sundarban. the largest mangrove forest in the world is an excellent example of a rich biodiversity and ongoing ecological processes. Moreover, Sundarban is illustrious because of its extensive range of flora such as Sundari (Heritiera fomes), Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha), Goran (Ceriops decandra), Hetal (Phoenix paludosa), Kholshi (Aegiceras corniculatum), Passur (Xylocarpus granatum), Hargoja (Acanthus ilicifolius), Keora (Sonneratia apetala), Kakra (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza), Kerpa (Lumnitzera racemosa), Nolkhagra (Phragmites australis) etc. though the forest flora in the western Sundarbans is not as diverse as in the east because of the abundance of saline conditions. Moreover, the sunderbans of Bangladsh supports largest diversity of fauna including the famous Royal Bengal tiger, different species of birds, numerous reptiles, and other endangered species, such as the estuarine crocodile and then Indian python. That is why Sundarban is a place of great interest for the researchers to conduct field work. Places of interest in Sundarban during the fieldwork: Katka Katka is situated at about 100 km from Mongla about 150km from Khulna city. It is considered as one of the most magnificent spots in Sundarban, where one will see Spotted Deers and Royal Bengal Tiger. This beautiful spot however was severely damaged during the cyclone SIDR. A beautiful sea beach is located on the west of this point and this place is more wild comparing to Hiron point. Major Attractions: Spotted Deer herds Jamtala watchtower to view wildlife Basking Crocodiles Tiger spotting The Katka beach Proposed fieldworks: Soil sample collection from Kotka by boring. Sediment collection through â€Å"sediment trapper† near Kotka Collection of water sample. Dublar Char Dublar char is located 25 km southwest of Katka and 35 km southeast of Nilkamal (Hironpoint). This is essentially known as the fisherman’s island. Major Attractions: Numerous species of fish and crab Raash mela on November Local fish processing procedures Unique topographical features Proposed fieldworks: Colleting soil samples by boring and using monolith, Determining the spot height points, wind speed and tidal information, Data collection of vegetation and biodiversity in that area, Collecting water samples, Surveying on the problems Prospects related to fish drying sector. Karamjal Karamjal is situated in the northeastern part of Shundarban near the Mongla port. It is 107 km away from Khulna city and is a significant eco-truism spot. Major Attractions: Basking Crocodiles breeding farm Monkeys Various representative plants of Shundarban Otter and Spotted Deer Proposed fieldworks: Colleting soil samples Soil samples , Collecting sediments from the river bed water sample collection Activities during the fieldwork The journey for Shundarban started in the morning of 9th November 2013 at 8.30 am. The fieldwork started by collecting â€Å"soil sample† through â€Å"boring† collection of â€Å"sediments† by â€Å"sediment trapper† and water sample collection near kotka in 10th November, 2013 and ended it by visiting Karamjal tourist spot and collecting of sediments from there in 13th November, 2013. The day to day description of activities during the fieldwork is given below:- Day-1 (10.11.13) Visited the Jamtala watchtower at Katka to view amazing wildlife Visited the beautiful Katka beach Collected sediments by â€Å"sediment trapper† Collected water sample. Day-2 (11.11.13) Studied the soil profile of Dublar Char (east side) to identify the Sedimentary Sequence based on Litho-stratigraphic Survey. Water sample collected by Hydrological survey. Measured the biodiversity and identified by vegetation survey. Identified and determined the spot height points by leveling survey. Measured the wind speed wave by GEOTIMED group survey. Observed and collected information of human economical activities focusing on the people related to the dry fish industry of Dublar Char by FGED group Questionnaire survey. Collected river bed sediments by â€Å"sediment trapper† Day-3 (12.11.13) Visited the West side of Dubler char. Collected information of human economical activities focusing on the people related to the dry fish industry of Dublar Char by FGED group Questionnaire survey. Arranged a Cultural program a Feast. Day-4 (13.11.13) Visited Karamjal. Collected soil sample from Karamjal. Arranged a formal Viva exam by honorable teachers. Major Challenges Fieldwork in Sundarban proved to be a quite difficult task in many ways. Some major challenges that we figured out during the fieldwork can be stated as following: Challenges during the study of soil profiles and lithological Survey: . The sample got a bit disturbed while preparing the profile as the soil was a bit friable. Loss of soil while cleaning up profile Presence and seepage of water in the study site.( From nearby water body) The soil sample collected by the gauge sampler sample got a bit disturbed. Human induced problems and technical error while collecting soil sample. Challenges during the study of Wave Wind measurement and hydrological survey: Facing difficulties during the plotting of the GEOTIMED device. Human induced troubles and technical error during wind speed measurement. Extreme time consumption during the survey . Insufficient collection of data. Challenges during the study of Biodiversity Vegetation survey : Risk of attack by tigers. Grid formation was disturbed by Dense plantation and obstructed the work. It was time consuming process to locate each grid. Identification of species was quite difficult.

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Movement of Pigment thro

Investigating the Effect of Temperature on the Movement of Pigment through Cell Membranes INTRODUCTION: The aim of experiment is to prove that temperature effects on a proteins in cell membranes so that pigment can pass through them HYPOTHESIS: On higher temperatures proteins in membranes denature so there is no barrier to prevent the passage of large molecules THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: Certain chemicals and treatments, such as ethanol or high temperatures, can destroy the partial permeability of cell membrane. The membranes are still present but behave as if holes have been punched through them and they no longer provide barrier to the passage of large molecules such as sucrose. High temperatures and alcohols denature membrane proteins and increase fluidity of membrane lipids; alcohols at high concentrations can also dissolve lipids. In beetroot cells the red anthocyanin pigment occurs in the vacuoles. Each vacuole is surrounded by a tonoplast membrane and outside of it, the cytoplasm is surrounded by the plasma membrane. On higher temperatures proteins loose their ability of control the transport through cell so any large molecule can pass trough. APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:  ¨ Test tube rack with 10 test tubes  ¨ Graduated syringe  ¨ Scalpel  ¨ Cork borer  ¨ Stop watch  ¨ Forceps  ¨ Colorimeter  ¨ Tap root of beetroot  ¨ Distilled water SAFETY:  ¨ Carefully use cork borer and scalpel to prevent injuries by cutting  ¨ Use Bunsen burner with great precaution to prevent burns or lighting materials  ¨ Water in beaker is very hot so watch out that you don't spill it on you to prevent burns  ¨ Watch out that you don't break any glass apparatus to prevent cutting METHOD:  ¨ Using a cork borer and scalpel make 10 cylinders of beetroot of 5 cm length.  ¨ Heat 200 cm3 of water up to 85  ºC in 250 cm3 beaker (make sure that thermometer is in the water).  ¨ While heating, with a syringe, put 10 ml of distilled water in 10 test tubes and label them: 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 63, 60, 55, 50 and 45.  ¨ When 85 ºC temperature is reached remove the Bunsen burner and put one beetroot cylinder in the water and leave it there for exactly one minute.  ¨ After one minute use forceps to take it out and put it in a test tube marked 85.  ¨ Put some cold water in the beaker until 80  ºC is reached and t... ...tly changing. In some moments changing would stop but that isn't reliable sign that that is the right colour density because after couple of moments changing would start again. Solution is to use more sensitive equipment or to get colorimeter checked because it could be broken.  ¨ Fifth problem is in humane nature. During the test we had a good time so occasionally we forgot to take the beetroot out for few seconds longer than it should be. We didn't pay all attention to professor so we forgot to shake test tubes before we took the beetroot out. Also, I didn't take a paper with me during the colour test so when I got result, occasionally I would forget what it was while I was going back to my seat. Also there was some noise in the classroom so I could misunderstand my partners in the experiment when they came with result.  ¨ To be sure in experiment results the best thing is to repeat it at least once to increase the reliability of them. Now when I know the whole procedure of experiment, results in repetitive experiment should be more accurate. Also this is good background to compare how different concentrations of ethanol effect on the membrane permeability.

Money and Matrimony in Vanity Fair Essay -- Vanity Fair Essays

Money and Matrimony in Vanity Fair      In his novel Vanity Fair, William Thackeray exposes and examines the vanities of 19th century England. His characters pursue wealth, power, and social standing, often through marriage or matrimony. The present essay looks at Thackeray's use of the institution of marriage in Vanity Fair to comment on how these vanities often come at the expense of the true emotions of passion, devotion, and love. Parental Ambitions In Vanity Fair, money is central to nearly all of the characters' relationships. Thackeray connects England's merchant families, the lesser nobility, and the high aristocracy through money and matrimony, and parents are frequently the chief negotiators in these business transactions. Mr. Osborne is perhaps the novel's most avaricious parent; money and social eminence are all-important to Mr. Osborne, and he is willing to sacrifice his children's happiness to connect his family name with these vanities. He forbids his daughter Jane to marry an artist with whom she has fallen in love with, swearing to her "that she should not have a shilling of his money if she made a match without his concurrence" (p416). For Mr. Osborne love has little to do with matrimony, and marriage is simply a transaction that should increase family wealth and prestige. This concept was by no means uncommon during the 19th century: the rise of industrialism and colonialism meant an influx of wealth into England, and marriage was seen by many as a way of either rising in station or cementing business ties. This latter theme is seen in Mr. Osborne's interference in his son George's relationship with Amelia. Their courtship is arranged, the "two young people [having] been bred up by their parents" (p38) ... ...und them, and not look in. She eluded them, and despised them --- or at least she was committed to the other path from which retreat was now impossible. (p410-11) Thackeray points out that Becky could have led a simple, happy life, but for her relentless desire to achieve wealth and social status. She never comes to this realization, however, and through Rebecca the author shows us how our desires for the vanities can blind us to more truer, simpler emotions. Conclusion The marriages and mà ©salliances of the characters in Vanity Fair show us the folly and futility of chasing wealth, power, and social eminence at the expense of love and passion. Thackeray's novel reminds us that there are frequently hidden costs when we make such a bargain, and the true expense is often more than we can afford.    Works Cited Thackeray, William (18 ). Vanity Fair.   

Essay --

Samah Elmeri International Marketing 17 November, 2013 Abercrombie & Fitch Introduction For the purposes of this paper we will be discussing the boycott effects on Abercrombie & Fitch; a U.S based clothing company. At first we will analyse the concept of boycotting international companies to understand the different choices boycotters make when targeting the guilty company. We will look at the history of the company; it’s beginnings, evolution of concept, failures and successes. An important part of this paper will be assessing the main factors and reasons that led to the boycott. We are going to be analysing the effects of the boycott keeping in mind that although the reasons behind the controversial boycott have taken place a couple of years ago, only in 2013 has the boycott been initiated by several different parties involved. To be able to understand what triggered the boycott to begin we are going to try to understand how it all came about to begin with. There are several concerned parties in the boycott and each have their own agenda and reasoning to boyco tt the company. To give a more thorough analysis of the initiators of this particular boycott their relation to one another will be discussed in the paper. Another important part of the boycott is the different types of effects that these boycotters have on the company. We will closely study the reasons, the effects, the affected parties, and the path for damage control and reconciliation chosen by Abercrombie & Fitch as well as its results both the negative and the positive. Finally we will discuss the effectiveness of the boycott on the Abercrombie’s internationalization, market strategy, competitiveness, and market activities. Boycott History of Abercrombie and F... ...escribes Jeffries business savvy skills saying; â€Å"If history is any indication, Jeffries won’t let anyone — â€Å"girlcotting† high school feminists, humourless Asians, angry shareholders, thong-hating parents, lawsuit-happy minorities, nosy journalists, copycat competitors or uptight moralists — get in his way.† Another important issue that was addressed in the Business Report article is the fact that A&F only carries larger sizes in the men’s clothing because athletes are expected to buy A&F clothes however in the women’s clothing lines sizes are smaller and do not carry to larger sized females. â€Å"He doesn’t want larger people shopping in his store, he wants thin and beautiful people,† Lewis said. â€Å"He doesn’t want his core customers to see people who aren’t as hot as them wearing his clothing. People who wear his clothing should feel like they’re one of the ‘cool kids.â€℠¢Ã¢â‚¬ 